Zora Neale Hurston Essay - 1890 Words

On March 21, 1924, the National Urban League, spearheaded by Charles Johnson, held a dinner to introduce new literary talent to New York Citys black community. This dinner party resulted in the Survey Graphic, a magazine whose attention was upon social and cultural pluralism, to publish a special Harlem edition, which would feature the works of Harlems black writers and was to be edited by Alain Locke. Locke, a literary scholar, black philosopher, professor and authority on black culture, later expanded the Harlem special edition of the Survey Graphic into and anthology he titled The New Negro. Soon, the very cultural movement Survey Graphic hoped to shine light upon would be recognized as the New Negro Movement but later this†¦show more content†¦At the age of three John Hurston moved the family to Eatonville, where he would become mayor of the small town of 125. Eatonville was like no other town in the United States during the last years of the Nineteenth century (Hemenway ). In 1863, Eatonville was one of the first all black towns to be chartered after the emancipation proclamation and in 1887 was the first of these towns to be incorporated. Her childhood here shaped her ideas and reality and, as would later be seen in her writing, would shape her views on race. The wonderful life in utopian Eatonville was lost after the death of her mother in 1904, which led the young Zora Neale Hurston away from the halls of academics and into domestics. Her father quickly remarried a woman that Hurston did not like and had left the household at age 14, first caring after her brothers children and later as a domestic servant in Baltimore. It was here in Baltimore where Hurston reentered academia, enrolling in the Morgan Academy, a High School operated by what is now Morgan State University. Upon graduation, Hurston enrolled at Howard University in Washington where Hurstons life would forever be changed. It was at Howard University in 1918 where she met a young Alai n Locke who further inspired her strong pride in black heritage and also inspired her to pursue a literary career. In 1921, Hurston published her first short story, JohnShow MoreRelatedZora Neale Hurston2149 Words   |  9 Pagesthe female space of the back porch that her audience is aware that Janie is calling attention to the enslaved condition of women (102). Explaination Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel that was written by an African American author, Zora Neale Hurston. The book was launched in 1937 and primarily focuses on the life experiences of the protagonist Janie Crawford (Bloom 59). The story is set in central and southern Florida and epitomizes Janie’s search for self-awareness through love and relationshipsRead MoreSummary Of Zora Neale Hurston 1210 Words   |  5 Pages9:00 Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston was born on January 7, 1891 in Alabama. She is known to be one of the most influential novelist of the twentieth century in African America literature. Hurston is described to be a very opinionated woman that stood for what she believed in; which reflected in some of her works. In addition to her many titles such as, being an anthropologist and short story writer, she was closely related and heavily focused on the Harlem Renaissance. Zora Neale Hurston andRead More Zora Neale Hurston Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Zora Neale Hurston was a phenomenal woman. At the height of her success she was known as the â€Å"Queen of the Harlem Renaissance.† She came to overcome obstacles that were placed in front of her. Hurston rose from poverty to fame and lost it all at the time of her death. Zora had an unusual life; she was a child that was forced to grow up to fast. But despite Zora Neale Hurston’s unsettled life, she managed to sur mount every obstacle to become one of the most profound authorsRead More`` Sweat `` By Zora Neale Hurston Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagescommitment takes a wrong turn and the relationship begins to consist of abuse? Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston takes a look into the secrecies and struggles of marriage, especially in the mid-1920s when marriage had somewhat different meaning than it does today. Within this short story, the problems of marriage are demonstrated through symbolism, imagery and the language and dialect that is used. Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston was written in 1926. During the 1920’s, the prohibition had just been put into effectRead MoreZora Neale Hurston Essay1992 Words   |  8 Pages#9;Zora Neale Hurston was an astounding Afro-American author who was recognized not for being the first Afro-American writer, but rather for her ability to bring forth her cultural language and imagery. If not for Zoras pioneering effort as a female black writer, the world of modern literature would have never seen the cultural insights of the African American culture in such a candid way. #9;Zoras date of birth is said to be in January of 1891, however her actual date of birth is debated todayRead MoreSweat By Zora Neale Hurston Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesIn her short story â€Å"Sweat†, Zora Neale Hurston details the troubled lives of a married African American couple in the deep south. Born and raised in Florida herself, Huston had an excellent perspective on the culture of that time and area. She no doubt saw the situations and heard the strong dialect that she presents in the short story, in which Sykes constantly beats and demeans his wife Delia, who keeps her retorts minimal as to not provoke him further. Sykes is openly dating another woman,Read MoreEssay on Zora Neale Hurston606 Words   |  3 PagesOn January 7, 1891, Zora Neale Hurston was born in the tiny town of Notasulga, Alabama. She was the fifth of eight children in the Hurston household. Her father John was a carpenter, sharecropper, and a Baptist preacher; and her mother Lucy, a form er schoolteacher. Within a year of Zoras birth, the family moved to Eatonville, Florida; a town, which held historical significance as the first, incorporated Black municipality in the United States. In 1904, thirteen-year-old Zora was devastated by theRead MoreSweat, by Zora Neale Hurston773 Words   |  4 PagesZora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat† is a distressing tale of human struggle as it relates to women. The story commences with a hardworking black washwoman named Delia contently and peacefully folds laundry in her quiet home. Her placidity doesn’t last long when her abusive husband, Sykes, emerges just in time to put her back in her ill-treated place. Delia has been taken by this abuse for some fifteen years. She has lived with relentless beatings, adultery, even six-foot long venomous snakes put in placesRead MoreSweat By Zora Neale Hurston946 Words   |  4 PagesThe story â€Å"Sweat† by Zora Neale Hurston focuses on the marriage life of Delia Jones and her husband Sykes. Hurston is known as famous American writer, she writes on real life stories as it was during the years when she wrote the stories. The story is about Delia Jones, a hardwor king and religious woman who mistakenly marries Sykes and has been living in a strained marriage life from fifteen years. Although they have been married for fifteen year, the relationship has been abusive. Sykes is an abusiveRead MoreSweat, By Zora Neale Hurston1776 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Sweat,† a short story written by Zora Neale Hurston depicts the story of Delia, a washerwoman who is physically and mentally abused by her husband, Sykes. As Hurston explains, Delia is a strong, hardworking, calm, brave, and understanding woman who is able to stand with her head held high even through all the troubles she endures. In contrast, Sykes is abusive, a coward, troubleshooter and a man who depends on his wife to provide for him. He even has the indecency to use Delia’s money to pay for

California Crime Essay - 2233 Words

Abstract My essay on the Three Strikes Rule will explore this law from its inception to the present time, its impact on the California state government, and propose a solution to this problematic law. The Three Strikes Rule states that any offenders that committed any violent or serious felony offense (after two or more of the same conviction) are sentenced 25 years to life. I will present how crime has either increased or decreased since the 1990’s. What the perceptions of crime have been in our society. What polices has California put into place from the 1990’s to address crime. The costs and consequences of these policies and whether or not the Three Strike Rule has been worth it. What has California done in†¦show more content†¦A 2001 study by Dorfman and Schiraldi found that crimes against African Americans were underrepresented in reporting and overrepresented as perpetrators, white victims tended to receive more lengthy coverage as well. In Los Angeles television news African Americans were 22% more likely to be shown on TV committing violent crimes than non-violent ones despite the fact that arrest reports indicate that African Americans in Los Angeles commit both types of crime almost equally (Dorfman Schiraldi, 2001). The study also shows how youths are also disproportionately covered: 7 out of 10 local TV news stories dealing with violent crime in California had youths as the perpetrators despite the fact that youths commit only 14.4% of violent crime in that state. Furthermore, half of the stories dealing with minors for any reason involved violence even though only 2% (though due to unreported crimes the actual number may be higher) of Cali fornia youths have been victims or perpetrators of violent crime (Drofman Schiraldi, 2001). This increased focus on youth crimes has led to increased support for treating juvenile offenders as adults and, especially in instances of more serious crimes, applying the same retributive punishments previously not applied to young offenders (Glassner, 1999, p. 73). These findings show how not only are the medias sensationalized reporting of crime contributing to aShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Act Of 1851 Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pagesin the state of California at San Quentin. The first execution by lethal gas was conducted in 1938 and the continued use of lethal gas lasted through 1967. A total of 194 people were executed by lethal gas, all at San Quentin and included the execution of four women. Twenty-five years after 1967, the number of executions in California halted due to various state and United States Supreme Court decisions, effectively allowed the death penalty to be revi ewed. In 2014 the California Supreme Court foundRead MoreReport: Ethics and Three Strikes Law736 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction to Issue - Over the past few decades there has been an increased amount of public and media attention directed to repeat criminal offenders. In the 1980s, crime rates increased and scholars found that a number of these criminal activities were committed by repeat offenders. In response to this information, many states began to enact the so-called Three Strikes, Youre Out Law. The proponents of this legislation, including several victims rights organizations, believe that habitual criminalsRead MoreMarriage Equality : The California Supreme Court897 Words   |  4 PagesIn our nation, the battle still continues over marriage equality. In 2008, the California Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples had the right to get married. 18,000 same-sex couples were married throughout the state. Six months later, voters passed Proposition 8, a ballot initiative, which defined marriage as between one man and one man in California. In the article published by Marriage Equality USA, Prop 8 Hurt My Family – Ask me how, discusses Proposition 8 before it was overturned. MarriageRead MoreCannabis in California In this essay I will explore the positive and negative effects of700 Words   |  3 PagesCannabis in California In this essay I will explore the positive and negative effects of legalizing Cannabis in California. I support the legalization of Cannabis, these are my reasons why; If California does legalize Cannabis then it would decrease the money spent on drug enforcement and criminal persecution. Legalizing Cannabis would also reduce the value of the black market product. It would also generate revenue for the California economy because it would be a taxable item that is in high demandRead MoreEssay on Factors Affecting the Complexity of Criminal Behavior1489 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will consider the notion that any person could become a criminal. In considering this, the question ‘what makes a criminal a criminal’ will be discussed. Defining criminal behaviour is itself, difficult as it could be considered a wide range of behaviours from tasting fruit at the market to speeding to swearing at someone in frustration. Further to this discussion is a consideration of the r oles that society and individuals have in defining and contributing to people engaging in criminalRead MoreWhat is Crime? Essays1393 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many perceptions of what defines crime. The definitions appear to change throughout history and are still changing today (Henry, S. and Lanier, M. M., 2001 ,p.139). For example, in the past marital rape was not considered a crime as it was thought that women were believed to be â€Å"sexual property† of the male and, therefore it couldn’t be classed as rape (Brownmiller, 1975, cited by Bergen, R.K., 1996, p.3). However, in the United States in 1978 a man was convicted of rape on his wifeRead MoreBook Review for: No Matter How Loud I Shout, by Edward Humes Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesPaperbacks. Edward Humes is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, non-fiction, and true crime writer. Of his twelve books, five involve the criminal justice system. In this work, Humes takes on the sizeable task of examining the complicated juvenile justice system, chronicling the stories of several juvenile offenders and juvenile justice officials, and how they navigate the confusing and often arbitrary laws of the California juvenile justice system. Humes delivers an informative, eye-opening, and oftenRead MoreDeath Of The Death Penalty1517 Words   |  7 Pagesforbid anyone to be executed for any crime unless in times of war(DPIC Saff). Unfortunately, a ruler named Henry VIII, disagreed with William’s trend in the sixteenth century. It is said that about 72,000 people were executed under Henry’s ruling(DPIC Staff). Capital Crimes continued rising throughout the next two centuries in Britain. The reasons for execution ranged from marrying a jew to treason. By the 1700s, Britai n had begun to use the death penalty for 222 crimes including, stealing, cutting downRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pagesevery drug!†, sounds like everyone has lost there mind right? This very statement would categorize you as a crazy individual. California only recently legalized Marijuana and that has not yet taken into effect and now we’re talking about legalizing every drug? Although all of this sound like crazy talk, legalizing every drug would actually have positive outcomes. In the essay â€Å"Drugs† by Gore Vidal, the author explained that by legalizing every drug it would help the U.S stop most drug addictions. InRead MoreU.S. Prison Costs Essay example1610 Words   |  7 PagesU.S. Prison Costs After reading the essay, â€Å"A Homemade Education,† an autobiography of Malcolm X, I became quite curious about how many dollars America spends toward the prison system and how it affects our society. The autobiography itself covers how Malcolm X gained a homemade education simply by reading books while serving time in prison. He claimed, â€Å"I don’t think anybody ever got more out of going to prison than I did†¦prison enabled me to study far more intensively†¦sometimes as much

What are Robots and how are they being used now days Free Essays

Introduction: Robots are becoming the most reliable and used man-made tools in many aspects of human life (Peter, H. 2013). Robots are mechanically self operated tools that can help us in manufacturing and in difficult surgeries such as fixing something really small that cannot be held or seen by humans. We will write a custom essay sample on What are Robots and how are they being used now days? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This article will explain the importance of robots and its role in making human life easier. However, we must understand that Robots will never replace humans in all aspect of live. Helpful Things that Robots do: The Robot is a tool that can do different and difficult types of jobs such as in hospitals and manufacturing. Some people feel like its more safe to let the robot do a surgery because it is very accurate. Robot can also build tiny things in manufacturing because they are faster and more accurate than humans. In some countries Robots are being used to replace house animals like dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, guinea pigs and others. These Robot Pets are machines rather than living things and can give their owners plenty of fun and they can also teach us about real animal (Parker, S. 2010). Some robots are great fun and many people like to play with them because they are more challenging and fun to play with. For example, when you play Chess against a Robot it can defeat you very easily because it can think ahead of every move it can make to win the game. Disadvantage of Robots: Robots have also many drawbacks such as it uses a lot of power to function properly. Also, if the power is out, the robot will not function. Another drawback is that the robot cost a lot of money to be built for a specific job. However, in the coming years as technology is improving, Robots will become more and more part of our day-to-day life and cheaper to have. As Robots become more reliable, it will take over many tasks that are currently only being handled by humans. This is one of the main reasons for the increased of unemployment now a days and more will be expected in the future as the technology continue to improve. Conclusion: Now days Robots are very helpful and widely used in many aspects of our day-to-day life. They are considered smart tools that can be programmed to perform certain tasks that are normally handled by humans in a faster and more accurate way. However, we must understand that Robots will never replace humans in all aspects of life. At the end of the day they are only machines that are created by humans! How to cite What are Robots and how are they being used now days?, Papers

Erin Lowe

Erin Lowe- author of many outstanding American History Essay Erin Lowe- also author of many outstanding American History essays. of which two are published somewhere here.. one about Peter Noyes, and another about Mercantilism.. Books wonquot;t stay banned. They wonquot;t burn. Ideas wonquot;t go to jailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In the long run of history, the censor and the inquisitor have always lost. The only sure weapon against bad ideas is better ideas. The source of better ideas is wisdom. The surest path to wisdom is a liberal education. The only way that the ideas of this world that are deemed bad are going to go away is if we are allowed to see them and change them. If we are not allowed to see what is bad then our society will never grow to become a better place. What censorship does is keep us protected; leaving us living sheltered lives. If we never see a racist comment how are we to know that racism is bad? At the same time Censorship can be a good thing because it keeps children from seeing pornography, and terrible acts of violence. However censorship should not keep anyone from seeing literature, even if it is considered slightly explicit in a sexual, racial, or violent manner. Censorship should leave the ideas of people alone and leave them with their first amendment rights. Amendment one of the United States Bill of Rights reads Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there of; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assembleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. What this means is that we, in America have the right to be any religion, and to not have that religion forced upon us. We have the right to say what we want and to publish our ideas if we so wish, and to read the ideas that others have published. We can also peaceably assemble, or gather in protest without violence what we think is wrong. The biggest right that we have is that of free speech and press. We can say what we want! As American sometimes we take this for granted. However even though we have the right to free speech we have to draw the line somewhere, but where? We so often condemn books that were written to fight the very things that we claim to be fighting. This quote illustrates one of the things that are so wrong with censorship. We seem to ban or censor books, like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, that are actually against racism or whatever the objection to the book is. When a book is taken the wrong way it is simply the fault of the reader, and not the book. The book therefore cannot be censored in this case. To override the right of free speech on the grounds that the speech in question is likely to harm or offend others is to commit an act of censorship. Not all censorship of this manner is unjustified however, for some speech causes significant and direct harm to others, such as maliciously defaming speech, and speech which opens national secrets to enemies. There should be however a presumption that all speech is protected from censorship in that the censor always has to prove and to persuade the people that the speech is bad. In this way it is using new and better ideas to eliminate the bad ideas. The speaker should not have to prove every time that an individual challenges his/her speech that it really is good. The proof has to be that whatever harm or offense the speech has caused is significant, and direct. Free speech is a valuable thing, and should not be restricted by its remote or superficially adverse affect on others. Without free speech no search for truth is possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no discovery of truth is usefulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Better a thousandfold abuse of free speech that denial of free speech. The abuse dies in a day, but the denial slays the life f the people, and entombs the hope of the race. This quote had an excellent point in the case against censorship. To discover new ideas and the truth of life we need to be exposed to new thoughts, and different thoughts. If we always saw the same thoughts over and over we could never expand; we could never become better as a society without new ideas. If new ideas cannot be written or seen then their discovery is useless, for they cannot help without being seen. SO it is better that we see cases in which free speech is used in a bad way, such as in defaming specific people or groups or ideas, than to have no free speech at all as a result of free censorship. Defaming something that should not be defamed can be recovered from, for good things will be supported more than gone against. Also, things that need to be obliterated from society will be by this right of free speech. The denial of free speech will smother the life of a society. A society where different ideas arenquot;t all owed will soon fail. However there is no right to harm or to offend other people. If an idea in a book is explicitly insulting a particular group or person it could be censored, depending on the type of offense. If, for example a book says that African Americans are all stupid, simple, and should be killed off for this fact the book should only be read by choice, and not be forced upon anyone. An adult is capable of making a choice not to read, or allow their child to read a book that is expressly offensive to them. People always seem to be not concerned with what they read, but with what other people read. Quite often it is a white person that bans a book for fear that it might insult an African American, or a male, thinking that it might insult a female. Did you ever hear anyone say quot;That work had better be banned because I might read it and it might me very damaging to mequot;? People should really only censor for themselves, and they should be allowed to censor for themselves. The mind that becomes soiled in youth can never again be washed clean This statement is in many cases true. Elevator History EssayThe main character, a very shy hardware clerk only comes alive when he is in a role in the local theatre group. The director in the story decides to do the play A Streetcar Named Desire. The hardware clerk, Harry becomes Marlin Brando in the play and a young girl named Helene who plays Stella in the play falls in love with him. Because harry was left on the doorstep of a church as a baby he has no concept of self, and Helene was always employed moving from place to place, so she never developed a personality of her own. Both of them therefore yearn for an environment in which they can blend in and feel that they have an identity. They marry, and their marriage only works because they are constantly reading lines of couples from various plays. The story More Stately Mansions was about a woman who from the beginning of the story is rather odd and in the end seems completely psychotic. The theme of the story is that the dream is always more precious than the reality. A couple moves into a suburban home and discovers that their neighbor Grace has an obsession with home decorating. Grace invites them over for a couple drinks and they discover that Gracequot;s home is rather dull, dirty, and everything is falling apart. Grace falls sick and while she is in the hospital her husband inherits enough money that he can do all of her decorating that shequot;d been dreaming about over the years. When she came home from the hospital however the only thing that she notices is the bouquet of roses that her husband bought her. She seems to think that this was the way that she left her house, and that it was always perfect and beautiful. She sits on the couch, looking rather depressed and her husband announces that a new Home Beautiful has come in the mail, to which she replies read one and youquot;ve read them all when she used to be obsessed with the magazines. The Foster Portfolio is one of the most pessimistic of any of the stories. IT is one of his many stories about the relationships between fathers and sons. Herbert Foster works as a bookkeeper to support his wife and child. He has inherited almost a million-dollar stock portfolio, but he feels that the money is tainted because it came from his father, a man who abandoned wife and child to devote his life to playing music and to drinking gin and he wonquot;t touch it. Three nights a week Herbert goes out to a cheap bar because he had the respectability his mother had hammered into him. But just as priceless as that was an income not quite big enough to go around. It left him no alternative but- in the holy names of wife, child and home- to play piano in a dive, and breathe smoke, and drink gin, to be Firehouse Harris, his fatherquot;s son, three nights out of seven. Fosterquot;s split personality causes him to find it necessary to create roles that help him cope with what seem unbearable problems. The story that gives this book the biggest merit is The Kid Nobody Could Handle. The music teacher, Helmholtz is appalled to find that Jim Donnini, a juvenile delinquent from the streets of Chicago, has been vandalizing Lincoln High School. Filled with compassion and desperation Helmholtz offers him his most prized possession, John Philip Sousaquot;a trumpet. When the boy initially shows no interest, Helmholtz hammers the instrument against a coat tree and mutter that Life is no damn good ; and only then does Donnini show any interest in Helmholtz. With the start of a new school semester, Jim Donnini takes the last seat of the worst trumpet section of the C band. As Helmholtz tells him and the rest of the band Our aim is to make the world more beautiful than it was when we came into ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Love yourselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and make your instrument sing about it Vonnegut is saying in this story that without a sense of self worth it is impossible for anyone to achieve anything. The entire book Welcome to the Monkey House was banned only a few times, for it isnquot;t taught in very many schools. However the main example of it being banned was in Alabama, where a teacher was fired for teaching it because the book promoted the killing off of the elderly, and free sex. The teacher later sued, and won. These two things, the killing off of the elderly, and free sex were both in the actual story welcome to the Monkey House. The story did promote free sex, but only normal amounts of sex. The idea was that the pills were wrong, not that people now should have more sex. As for the killing off of the elderly, the idea was for the killing off of anyone that wanted to die because there was a large population problem going on. There were also many good reasons for the book being taught. The book has many morals taught in it and just about every story has a positive message in it. The positive message in All the Kings Horses was about making good choices and being bold in life, the message in The Kid Nobody Could Handle was about believing in yourself. There was even a positive message in More Stately Mansions that dreams are sometimes better than reality, and that the dreamer is not necessarily bad. The positive message in Welcome to the Monkey House is that sometimes the big guy is wrong, and change can be brought about by one small person, along with that we shouldnquot;t as a society be afraid of sex. In most cases censorship indeed seems to be only a violation of peoples right to free speech. It is, in the words of the Disinformation website an easy way for prudish control freaks to get their jollies. However, there are cases in which censorship is right. For children, there is a reason for censorship, but adults can decide whether or not they want to read books like Welcome to the Monkey House.

The Way We Never Were Essays - The Adventures Of Ozzie And Harriet

The Way We Never Were Leave it to Beaver and Ozzie and Harriet: American Families in the 1950s I. The Ozzie and Harriet Family A. Conservatives say that families like the Nelsons are making a comeback and want to make public policy to protect traditional families and return 1950's definition of family. B. Liberals claim that fewer than 10% of all families meet this definition and believe that if they can prove this is on an irreversible slide toward extinction that they cannot justify introduce any new family policy. C. Both sides assume that if the 1950s family existed today we would not have our contemporary social dilemmas. D. The 1950s at first glance were a pro-family period. Many working class families moved into the suburbs and achieved the American Dream of a house and a car. Divorce and illegitimacy rates were half what they are today and the marriages were almost universally praised. Family and marriage were thought to be the center of life. II. The Novelty of the 1950s Family A. Families of the 1950s began marrying younger and bore children younger compared to previous generations. B. The nuclear family was a new concept. The Great Depression and Second World War had reinforced extended family ties but this was plagued with generational conflict. C. These new family trends for the first time in our history crossed all race and class boundaries. D. The growing tendency for women was to find, housework a medium of expression for...[their] feminity and individuality. Consumer spending increased and women especially purchased more household appliances. E. Hollywood and the media helped to reinforce these new values. III. 1950s Poverty, Diversity, and Social Change A. 25% of American Families were poor, and much of this included the elderly. This poverty was made worse because of the absence of social welfare problems. B. African Americans migrated from the south to the north. By 1960 a majority of all blacks lived in the north in urban areas as compared to the previous rural southern living. C. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans immigrated in large numbers after the war. Many moved to the north to such cities as Chicago and New York. D. The media didn't represent minorities on TV and they faced general oppression. IV. Repression, Anxiety, Unhappiness, and Conflict A. Women who were the backbone of the war effort were forced out of their jobs at the end of the war. Women who didn't want to give up the earning power and independence they had achieved were fired or demoted by management. B. The media condemned women as unnatural if they didn't fit the stereotypical housewife role. C. Electric shock treatment was even used to make sure women were housewives who obeyed their husband. D. Men who didn't marry were seen as deviants. E. The FBI investigated and persecuted those who did not fit the norm. F. Many people hid behind happy family lives to hide loveless marriages, homosexuality, and anti establishment views. G. The troubles of home life such as alcoholism, abuse, and rape were hidden to the outside world. V. Contradictions of the 1950s Family Boom A. Advertisers first started to target young adults and began to use sex to sell their products. B. Women began to work in great numbers for the first time for disposable income. C. Many of these women had their children early 20's so after the kids were in school they could get a job. VI. Teen Pregnancy A. Despite the myth of sexual purity, teen pregnancy was bad in the 1950's. Nearly twice as many 15-19 year olds in 1957 had children compared to 1983. B. Census codes in the 1950's made it impossible to identify an unmarried mother if she lived with her parents. Illegitimacy was also disguised by having unmarried mothers putting their children up for adoption. C. Young unmarried mothers were also encouraged to get married when they became pregnant. D. The burden of sexual purity was put onto the women and they where expected to go into marriage as virgins. VII. Women in Traditional Families A. When commentators lament the fall of traditional family values they often refer to women's changing genders roles such as being a mother and breadwinner.

Writing Essay Topics Use Any Opportunity to Achieve Perfection!

Writing Essay Topics Use Any Opportunity to Achieve Perfection! There are two things that any educated person knows: the Earth turns round and students write essays. Of course, you know that being a student presupposes writing numerous essays. Sometimes students are not ready for such a task. Do you know how you can be ready to write a successful essay? You should devote several minutes to writing essay topics for your future possible papers. Writing essay topics beforehand: is it possible? Of course, it is possible to write essay topics beforehand. You are likely to know what any course is about and what major points you are going to discuss. Well, you can start your study with compiling a helpful list of possible topics. Thus, you can start writing essay topics in several ways. You can read the content of your manual and choose some most interesting topics. During the course you may come across many exciting topics. You read various additional sources where you can find numerous outstanding ideas and continue writing essay topics in your list. Finally, when you are given assignments you can have many interesting ideas for your future researches and you can continue writing essay topics list. Writing essay topics: how to use it? Well, this is the easiest question. When you have several ready topics, you can just choose any of them for your essay. Writing essay topics: is it helpful? Writing essay topics gives you several advantages: It saves your time. When you have limited time for fulfilling some task, every minute can be decisive. It keeps you from stresses. You do not have to worry: you already have topics for your researches. It brings you joy. You write down topics which can be interesting to you.

Human Resources and Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Resources and Technology - Research Paper Example Entrepreneurial spirit in the business organization greatly emphasizes on the speed of change in planning, implementing and executing the task at hand and HR needs to move equally as fast as the business needs demand. Accordingly, the organization expects from the HR team that they move fast and "deliver high-value solutions that are executable at the speed of commerce" (Richards, 2013). While deploying HR models in new markets, it is important to keep in mind local cultures and work ethics. While a firm is ready with a new joint venture in an alien land, HR has to get ready with the employee-friendly, cost-effective new models and solutions that adapt to the new conditions quickly. Thus, HR’s role in the technology-driven globalized world has been even more relevant than ever before because mergers, alliances, acquisitions in the new international business environment will pose some of the serious challenges to HR managers on workforce deployment issues to provide maximum benefit to the

The Great Gatsby by Scott F Fitzgerald and the use of a single Research Paper

The Great Gatsby by Scott F Fitzgerald and the use of a single literature device - Research Paper Example Irony, symbol, flashback, and foreshadowing are four commonly used devices; others have been utilized by inventive authors of modern literature. Fitzgerald’s seminal work, The Great Gatsby, offers insights into the use of the literary device in combination with the expert development of plot, themes, characters, setting and other elements of the novel. The novel relies on various actions and comments of its characters as well as descriptions and symbols to convey the superficiality of its major players and the world they inhabit. A good deal of the true genius of the novel lies in the character descriptions. For the most, they are not pleasant or for that matter very sympathetic. â€Å"The only bad of it is that the characters are mostly so unpleasant in themselves that the story becomes rather a bitter does before one has finished with it† (Wilson 149). But this is precisely what the author wanted to convey; he did not want to sugar coat his characters so that everyone would love and empathize with them. He wanted to present them as the type of people likely to use others and put wealth and superficial qualities above all else. Critics have agreed that the work has universal meaning, not the least of which is a trenchant critique of materialist American society† (eNotes, para. 4). Haupt summarizes some devices used to convey the superficial lifestyle the author describes in his spot on review of the book. â€Å"Bootlegged gin, cigarettes placed into mouths following the clicking shut of their golden cases, gowns, suits, chauffeurs. Games, double meanings, illicit affairs, fortunes made in mysterious ways, drinking to drown an awkward moment or the quiet disappointment of your life† (para. 1). In short, the novel has a message told largely through devices that are symbolic. Through the superficial representation of life back then it forces the reader to assess their own values. "Then wear the gold hat, if that will move her; If you can bounce

Some have called the Cold War thethird world war. Would you agree and Research Paper

Some have called the Cold War thethird world war. Would you agree and why - Research Paper Example Any mutual understanding between the two super powers was highly unlikely this was vastly because of the great difference between the political ideologies of each of these nations and some of the previous events that led to great feelings of distrust. The hostility between the two countries was triggered during the First World War and then after the Second World War, it became even more pronounced. In the Potsdam conference, Truman’s depiction of the Soviets in his memoirs and Stalin’s attitude put down any hopes of good relations. The relations between the Soviets and American had become so turbulent that many historians began calling the Cold War as the ‘Third World War’. Although, it is indeed true that the fluctuating relations led to discord on an international front, but dubbing it as the Third World War may seem like an exaggeration and may not be an accurate representation of the entire event; therefore this aspect is quite debatable. The conflict b etween the United States and USSR though never made it to the battlefield but the countries were in fact on the verge of engaging in an open warfare during the entire event. 1 Roosevelt’s agreements and stance on the matter was quite controversial and contradictory that prevented the establishment of an agreement to safeguard peace and mutual cooperation between the two nations. However, during this period the world saw some of the most conspicuous methods of warfare and espionage that further exacerbated the relations and increased the countries suspicions towards each other. The cold war lasted for almost 4 decades, which took place after the complete shift in the political ideology of the Soviet through the dissolution of the USSR. The Cold War Era led to some very intense events that finally determined the fate of the USSR as well. I. Background of the Cold War The relationships between USSR and the United States started off as an uneasy alliance, for Joseph Stalin had a reputation for not honoring agreements and treaties. However, the west needed the influence of the USSR in order to counter the atrocious nature of the Nazis. Following the atomic bombings of the Japanese cities; Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the war was brought to a conclusive end, but not without triggering intense feelings of hostility between Russia and United States. After word got around through Einstein’s letter that the Germans were busy developing nuclear power that could be weaponized and capable of inflicting colossal damage on the enemy, the United States began to work tirelessly in order to obtain Nuclear technology thus starting what historians called the ‘Nuclear Arms Race’. 2 Fortunately, United States managed to get their hands on this weapon first after months of an intensive research program that was known as the ‘Manhattan Project’ and a successful testing in the New Mexico desert was an ego boost to the Americas that had just entered t he war. The USSR and America had always been competitive towards each other and in some way Truman attitude towards Stalin during the Potsdam Conference is also responsible for destroying any chance of mutual agreement between the two nations; as the United States were quite rigid in their dealings with the soviets during the entire conference. Modern historians often accused Truman of

Analysis of the Law of Will

Analysis of the Law of Will When a person dies leaving their property, the question will definitely arise as to how his or her property or estate will be dealt by those who survived them. Intestacy rules[1] applies when a person dies without leaving will but makes no provision for cohabitants and their children and friends. The law of wills are more favourable which allows a person to write a will that authorize their estate to be distributed according to their own wishes. Besides being able to specify own funeral arrangement and notify guardianship of the next kin, a will can also help to reduce the amount of Inheritance Tax that may be payable on the value of the property one leave behind. A will must be valid and can only run after the death of the testator or testatrix. A testator must be over the age of 18 and have a necessary capacity[2], with capacityÂÂ   being defined as being of sound mind, memory and understand the extent of the property of which he is disposing[3] to write a will. Thus a blind person cannot be a witness.[4] Surprisingly in Wilson v Beddard,[5] a 14 years old boy was given the importance of witnesses in the will-making process. It could be argued that no particular maturity of years is required to witness a signature but that undervalue the function of the witness.[6] Borkowski in his opinion thinks that the requirement that witnesses to wills should be of adult age. It is also important for testator to comply with the requirements under section 9 of the Wills Act 1837[7] in order to make a valid will. One advantage of this is formality of writing can prevents fraud. Over the time, courts have adopted a very broad approach towards this requirement. Wills written in bad Ukrainian have been accepted by the courts in Re Slavinskyjs Estate[8] case, will written on an eggshell[9] or even in the code used by jeweller in the course of his business were accepted by the courts.[10] The courts approach appears to accept anything that is a written manifestation of the testators intentions concerning the disposition of his or her estate on the death may be regarded as a will.[11] Second requirement being a will must be signed with an intention to give effect to the will. The courts have accepted any mark or marks intended to represent a signature in Re Savory (1851)[12] case. In Re Stalman[13] the will was written on a single piece of paper and the testatrix signed at the top of the paper. The Court of Appeal held that the signature was ineffective and the will invalid. The leading case, In the Goods of Chalcraft [1948][14] where the testatrix was extremely in pain and frail, she was given the will she drafted to sign, but could only able to complete E. Chal rather than E. Chalcraft before lapsing into unconsciousness and died. Willmer J. thought that Lord Campbells words should be given a broad interpretation and that, in the circumstances, the will was validly signed because what she wrote was intended by her to be the best that she could for by way of writing her name. Contrast with a more uprightly flexible interpretation by Lord Campbell LC in Hindmarsh v Charlton (1861)[15] stated that there must either be the name or some mark which is intended to represent the name. Although this was an understandable decision on the facts, the test applied by Willmer J. was not supported by other authority and is, in any case, open to the objection that it is too vague and imprecise.[16] The judge attached essence to the fact that the testator complete his signature after the nurse left the room. His reasoning appears to have been that writing part of a name cannot amount to a signature where the testator goes on to complete the signature. The problem with this approach is that it imposes an unduly narrow meaning on signature by equating it with completed signature. These difficulties can be prevented by taking a wider approach of the meaning of a mark while focusing on the intention of the testator. The requirement of presence is an important one as in section 9, which signature must wither be made or acknowledged in the presence of two witnesses and the witness must attest and sign or acknowledge his or her signature in the presence of the testator. The case of Brown v Skirrow [1902][17] demonstrates that the element of presence means both mental and physical presence. As regards mental presence, the testator and the witnesses must be aware and mindful of the act done. Nevertheless, the cases on physical presence has raised the odd rule that it is sufficient if there was a line of sight at the relevant moment. For instance, it is sufficient for testator to see the witnesses signing, even if the testator did not look at what they were doing at that moment. There is obvious potential for fraud and undue influence in such a case although these possibilities may seem to contradict by the insistence on the testators direction, they cannot be depreciated. The line of sight test cannot be critically defended. In Langbein seminal article, Substantial Compliance with the Wills Act,[18] he argued that formalities had four main functions in will-making in which requiring the presence of the participants to the making of a will arguably serves all these purposes, especially the cautionary and the protective functions: it attracts attention to the importance of the matter and supply vital checks that the statutory requirements are being achieved. Section 9(1)[19] allows some other person to sign on behalf of the testator providing this is done in the presence and by the direction of the testator. The main reason for this provision was to provide for the case of the illiterate testator, but the leading aim now must be to help the testator who cannot sign because of illness or disability although he must be at least capable of giving direction. As it is, there would appear to be nothing to invalidate a will signed by some other person on behalf of a perfectly fit testator. Borkowski[20] suggested to amend the relevant part of section 9(1) to read or by some other person in his presence and by his direction where the testator is unable to sign the will because of illness or disability. Borkowski also argues that the number of witnesses should be increased. Two witnesses could easily be so intimately connected as to be able to collude in their evidence as may be the situation with the friendly couple next door.[21] The failure to date a will will not make a will invalid as there is no statutory requirement for a will to be dated. Waite LJ stated in Corbett v Newey[22]: Lack of a date or the inclusion of the wrong date cannot invalidate a will.[23] However, dating a will convenience judges to decide issues concerning the testators capacity to produce a will. Besides, interpretation of a will such as references to persons and property can depend on the date of execution.[24] Moreover, testator might leave more than one will thus the date of the will will be used to determine the order of execution. On 22 January 2014, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in the case of Marley v Rawlings.[25] One of the issue arise is rectifying a will under section 20 of the Administration of Justice Act 1982[26] which was introduced on the recommendations of the Law Reform Committee.[27] Under this provision, a will is rectifiable but in Marley case, the respondents argues that the physical mix-up of the documents meant that Mr Rawling had not signed a will for the purpose of section 20. Since section 9 of the Wills Act[28] require a will to be signed in order to be valid, it was argued that this will had not being signed by the testator and therefore no intention to give effect to the said provisions. As Lord Neuberger PSC said, it is logical to deal with the validity and rectification issues together, at least in a case such as this, where the two issues are so closely related.[29] In conclusion, the law of will should be reformed to make a clearer and distinct rules as they are used by majority and for vital task such as wealth distribution upon death. Good news is that the Law Commission announced on 23 July 2014 that it expects to start its project on the reform of the law of wills in early 2015 with a view to publishing a report with final recommendations and a draft Bill in early 2018.[30] Borkowskis recommendations for section 9 of the 1837 act would probably results in more failure in will, prima facie, but would also save some application of a dispensing power. However, it is obvious that the Parliament is putting efforts in improving the law of will. [1] Administration of Estates Act 1925, s 46 [2] Wills Act 1837, s 7 [3] Sir Alexander Cockburn CJ in Banks v Goodfellow (1870) LR 5 QB 549 at p.564 [4] Re Gibson [1949] P. 434 [5] Wilson v Beddard (1841) 12 Sim. 28, 59 E.R. 1041 [6] Andrew Borkowski, Reforming section 9 of the Wills Act (Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 2000) [7] Wills Act 1837, s 9 [8] Re Slavinskyjs Estate [1989] 53 SASR 221 [9] Hodson v Barnes (1926) 43 TLR 71 [10] Kell v Charmer (1856) 23 BEAV. 196 [11] Catrin Fflur Huws, Text, Cases and Materials on Equity and Trusts (1st edn Pearson 2015) p.369 [12] Re Savory (1851) 15 Jur 1042 [13] Re Stalman (1931) 145 LT 339 [14] In the Goods of Chalcraft [1948] 1 All ER 703 [15] (1861) 8 HL Cas. 160, 167 [16] Andrew Borkowski, Reforming section 9 of the Wills Act (Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 2000) [17] [1902] P 3 [18] John Harriss Langbein, Substantial Compliance with the Wills Act (88 Harvard Law Review 489, 1975) [19] Wills Act 1837, s 9(1) [20] Andrew Borkowski, Reforming section 9 of the Wills Act (Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 2000) [21] ibid [22] Corbett v Newey [1996] 2 All E.R. 914 [23] Waite LJ in Corbett v Newey [1996] 2 All E.R. 914 at p.920 [24] Re Whorwood (1887) 34 Ch D 446 [25] [2014] UKSC 2 [26] Administration of Justice Act 1982, s 20 [27] Law Reform Committee, Interpretation of Wills 19th Report (HMSO, 1973). Cmnd.5301 [28] Wills Act 1837, s 9 [29] Marley v Rawlings [2014] UKSC 2; [2014] 2 W.L.R. 213 at p63 [30] Law Commission, Wills: Current Project Status http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/wills/> accessed on 5 March 2017

Humans and Tails :: Anatomy Persuasive Argumentative Essays

Humans and Tails When studying the anatomy of humans in biology textbooks, many authors marvel over the complexity of the human body. Attributes such as our opposable thumbs, bipedal mobility, and cognitive abilities are extolled; however, humans are at a serious disadvantage. We lack major appendages that would aid in daily living; they could greatly improve quality of life. One such appendage is a tail; understandably, some humans have grown accustomed to their current mode of living and would shy away from any change despite its advantages. For this reason, the tail that I am about to depict is prosthetic, allowing for attachment and removal when desired. A tail would give a human numerous advantages, as long as it is constructed in such a way to allow for several functions. With the proper appendage on the distal end, it could perform as a third arm, a temporary seat, or simply an aesthetic addition. All of these functions will be explained in further detail later. In order to create a tail that is as dexterous as possible, it may be useful to study the tails of several different animals and reptiles to determine what the best structure would be. Many primates have prehensile, or grasping, tails. These are comprised of articulated linkages; they cannot rotate in all directions, preventing potential flexibility. Flexor and extensor muscles act as both the driving â€Å"motor† of the tail, and attached bones serve as a support system. Another tail type is similar to an elephant’s trunk; no bone is involved in the structure. Movement is achieved through muscle contraction, and a sheath that is similar to the composition of a tendon prevents shrinkage in the overall â€Å"tail.† Sharks demonstrate a third tail type that is very unique in structure, allowing for exceptional movement. Muscles are arranged around the vertebrae in a conical formation and are attached by three-dimensional tendons. Contraction of these muscles creates a motion that is fluid, and the tail is capable of movement in all directions. In 1994, Kevin C. Zippel, a student zoologist at Cornell University made a surprising discovery. While studying in Papua New Guinea, specifically on the island of Bougainville, he found that a remarkable lizard known as the Solomon Island skink somehow evolved a very unique tail.

International Business Report Essay

Introduction It has always been a major concern of programmers and software developers throughout the world, to protect the intellectual property rights and software privacy. Governments in different countries fight computer software piracy; in which it provides support to national programs in order to educate and provide awareness to business communities. Governments especially in wealthy countries, has taken serious actions related to software piracy through laws that prohibits it, they force penalties to those who commit software piracy. Software piracy has reached a further approach, since it includes piracy of movies, music, computer software, and CD recording. Governments, institutions, companies, and organizations all stated a clear point of view about software piracy and protection of intellectual property which in fact stands up fiercely to minimize it and reduce its effect on the society, as well as protecting the creative ideas and innovative expertise that provides a competitive advantage to the society in general. On the other hand, communities with individualistic, collectivistic, democratic approaches, and other parties with other approaches; each stated its point of view clearly according to its own interests, concerns, and objectives; since, some of these parties fight software piracy and supports protecting intellectual property, and mainly those parties are the ones concerned with about the benefit of the society. On the other hand, there are some parties stated that they oppose protecting intellectual property, for the reason that their objectives and interests are their major concern instead of the whole society. Q.1: Collectivism and individualism, democracy and totalitarianism, rule of law and rule of man: what do these concepts say about the intellectual property rights of software and the legitimacy of its protection? To begin with, the terms collectivism and individualism arises from the major term which is political system. A political system; is a set of political organizations, interest groups, and institutions, that integrates different groups into a functioning, self sustaining, and self governing society. The purpose of the political system is to protect people’s interests and objectives. Political systems differ from one country to another. The term political can be discussed in terms of collectivism and individualism. At first, the term collectivism encourages dependence on the organization and a preference for thorough training, satisfactory work place conditions, and good benefits. Collectivism is motivated by satisfying social needs and security. Its primal concern is to benefit the society in general, rather than the benefit of each individual. Since its concern is protecting the society, it stands fiercely for supporting intellectual property right and fights software piracy to protect the society. On the other hand, individualism; refers to the primacy of the rights and role of individual; it emphasizes individual freedom, self expression, and personal independence – the principle that all men have â€Å"certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† Countries that follow individualistic political system develop a form of government that protects every individual’s property and any intellectual property they create especially automated property due to the ease of piracy. As cultural attitudes influence the protection of intellectual property rights, individualist societies are more vigilant than collectivist societies. Whereas, democracy and totalitarianism. Democracy is a political system that grants voters the power to adjust laws and regulations of the government to make decisions. Moreover, provides them the right to participate in elections. In general, democracy is concerned with individual property rights, especially the freedom to express their opinions. As well as protecting people’s innovations from software piracy. According to what is claimed, that democratic countries with strong political and civil liberties usually have lower software piracy rates. As for totalitarianism, subordinates individuals to the interest of the group. Where a single agent takes control of the political power, and tries towards not supporting the ideology of the state as well as the activities that counters the goals of the state. Therefore, it controls people’s ideas, knowledge, and experiences and directs those to its own good and interest. Therefore, the intellectual property right is not its major concern as well as standing against software piracy. Since their objectives and concerns are related to the objectives and concerns of the agent with the political power. As for the rule of law, states that no individual is above laws which are clearly specified, commonly understood, and enforced fairly, which are improved and regulated by the parliament. Due to that countries that follow rule of law, especially ones that create intellectual innovations, automatically protect these properties from the moment of creation. Whereas, rule of man; states that the ultimate power exists in one person. Rule of man is opposed to the rule of law; less aggressively protect intellectual property rights. Since its major interests and concerns is limited to only what the man of power is concerned of. Individualist’s societies are more cautious towards the protection of intellectual property when compared with collectivist societies. Q.2 What is the relationship among governments, institutions, organizations, and companies in developing the legal means to fight software piracy? To begin with, a software piracy is the illegal copying of software. Software piracy is not a trend or a topic that appeared recently. Software piracy was the past and the present dilemma and will be the future’s too if it is not stopped. Types of piracy include: end-user piracy, pre-installed software, Internet piracy, counterfeiting, and online auction piracy. As the software piracy problem grows, more people are affected by piracy daily. Software companies, governments, organizations, retailers, and honest consumers all pay the price for software piracy. Parties such as, organizations and companies hopes that legal actions and political arrangements held by governments and institutions and other related parties would lead to a decrease in software piracy. Governments are taking an increasingly stronger stand against piracy. They get nations to sign agreements and to require them to force intellectual property rights. Since software piracy affects governments financially. It robs the economy of jobs and in turn diminishes income tax revenues. The market fails and loses its attractiveness among international businesses as it affects the private individuals and investors. Accordingly to the case study, governments fight piracy; they relied on technical and business actions as a counterattack. Such as, U.S.A enhanced efforts, threatening to sanction countries. Institutions supported governments to toughen their laws. Since these laws can minimize software piracy and decrease its effect on institutions. As for software companies, that are considered the biggest stakeholders in the piracy issue. They depend on software sales to fund their company operations and their future developments. Unfortunately, software piracy is now taking a large amount of the income these companies depend on away from them. As the number of Internet users continues to grow, software piracy will become an increasing problem and businesses will lose even larger amounts of revenue. As their profits decrease, software companies will no longer be motivated to fund development of new products; which will reduce innovation, Consequently, software companies want stronger penalties enforced on all people who illegally copy software; a new and emerging trend being offered on the market is leasing the software. Retailers have taken a stand against software piracy too. Piracy affects all software retailers by forcing them to compete against cheaper pirated software. This competition lowers their profit. As the cost of the software increases, people turn to less expensive illegal substitutes. As for organizations, they provided global services in public policy, business development, corporate education, and the protection of intellectual property right. Intellectual property; refers to the creative ideas, innovative expertise that give an individual, company, or country a competitive advantage. Whereas, intellectual property right is the right to control and derive the benefits from copyright, patents, trade secrets, and trademarks. It is the right to protect those creative ideas. Problems occur because intellectual property is hard to conceive but easy to copy. There are number of agencies that were created to protect intellectual property right such as: †¢ WIPO (World International Property Organization): it is one of the sixteen specialized agencies to encourage creative activity as well as to promote the protection of the intellectual property right. †¢ TRIPS (Trade Related International Property Rights): it is an international agreement managed by the WTO (World Trade Organization). It has minimum standards and requirements for many intellectual property forms. Generally wealthier countries provide stronger as well as stricter protection of intellectual property from piracy. Notably such countries consider these properties more widely than poorer ones. Conclusion Communities whether they are collectivist, individualist, democratic or totalitarian, applying rule of man or rule of law, governments, institutions, organizations, and companies. All of these parties stated clearly as discussed previously, that they are prohibiting software piracy since they are cooperating with each other in minimizing this dilemma or at least to minimizing its effects on organizations. Through forcing laws or through organizations that encourages innovative ideas yet protecting intellectual property rights by forbidding piracy. Such organizations include; WIPO (World International Property Organization), TRIPS (Trade Related International Property Rights), and other related organizations. Software’s intellectual property rights can be protected when following these steps: 1. Writing the name of the author, or the creator on all of the copies that are distributed to the public. 2. Determine the time in which the product was released and distributed to public. 3. Modify the product every now and then. 4. Protect the product against any crises that might put the author’s reputation at risk. 5. Have a specific location for software programs. 6. Save master copies of software. 7. Provide software to only licensed users, and only allow authorized users to install software. 8. Apply security procedures on software used by authorized users only, which can minimize software piracy. In conclusion, the standards of software piracy are explicit. Hence, parties have been hopeful that collective political arrangements and legal actions by companies, associations, governments, and institutions would lead to a decline in global software piracy. Government intervention and collaboration in offering legal protection for intellectual property, and the criminalization of software piracy are unsuccessful in diminishing the dilemma. Even efforts at the international level to get nations to sign treaties and to require them to protect and enforce intellectual property rights according to global, not local, standards have not yielded the desired results. Unfortunately, the ease with which software can be duplicated, sold, and distributed continues to baffle the industry.

Global Warming Problem/Solution Essay

For the past two centuries, at an accelerating rate, the basic composition of the Earth’s atmosphere has been materially altered by the fossil-fuel effluvia of machine culture. Human-induced warming of the Earth’s climate is emerging as one of the major scientific, social, and economic issues of the twenty-first century, as the effects of climate change become evident in everyday life in locations as varied as small island nations of the Pacific Ocean and the shores of the Arctic Ocean. The â€Å"greenhouse effect† is not an idea which is new to science. It has merely become more easily detectable in our time as temperatures have risen and scientists have devised more sophisticated ways to measure and forecast atmospheric processes. The atmospheric balance of â€Å"trace† gases actually started to change beyond natural bounds at the dawn of the industrial age, with the first large-scale burning of fossil fuels. It became noticeable in the 1880s, and an important force in global climate change by about 1980. After an intensifying debate, the idea that human activity is warming the earth in potentially damaging ways became generally accepted in scientific circles by 1995. Addressing the consequences of global warming will demand, on a worldwide scale, the kind of social and economic mobilization experienced in the United States only during its birthing revolution and World War II, and therein lies a problem. The buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a nearly invisible, incremental crisis. Carbon dioxide is not going to bomb Pearl Harbor to kick start the mobilization. Author Jonathan Weiner observes, â€Å"We do not respond to emergencies that unfold in slow motion. We do not respond adequately to the invisible† (Weiner, 1990, 241). It has been said (not for attribution) that the best thing which could happen to raise worldwide concern about global warming would be a quick collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet, which would raise worldwide sea level a notable number of feet over a very short time. When stock brokers’ feet get wet on the ground floor of New York City’s World Trade Center, all the world’s competing economic interests might mobilize together and provide the sociopolitical responses necessary to address the atmosphere’s overload of greenhouse gases before it is too late. The same water that could lap at the ground floor of the Trade Center also would ruin most farmers in Egypt and Bangladesh and slosh in the lobbies of glass towers of Hong Kong and Tokyo. Perhaps, only then, might all of humankind heed the implications of Chief Seah’tl’s farewell speech a century and a half ago. We may be brothers (and sisters) after all. So far, humankind’s collective nervous system—national and international leadership, public opinion, and so forth—hasn’t done much about global warming. As of this writing, the flora and fauna of the planet Earth are still in the position of a laboratory frog submerged in steadily warming water. This is not a secret crisis, just a politically unpalatable one. Al Gore, in Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit, raised a sociopolitical call for mobilization against human-induced warming of the Earth: â€Å"This point is crucial. A choice to ‘do nothing’ in response to the mounting evidence is actually a choice to continue and even accelerate the reckless environmental destruction that is creating the catastrophe at hand† (Gore, 1992, 37). In his book, Gore, then a U. S. senator, called for a â€Å"global Marshall Plan,† to include stabilization of world population, the rapid creation and development of environmentally appropriate technologies, and â€Å"a comprehensive and ubiquitous change in the economic ‘rules of the road’ by which we measure the impact of our decisions on the environment† (Gore, 1992, 306). Eight years after Gore issued his manifesto, fossil-fuel emissions had risen in the United States. Gore had captured the Democratic Party’s nomination for president of the United States, and global warming had slipped from campaign radar. From this vantage point, one imagines the world lurching through the twenty-first century as global public opinion slowly galvanizes around year after year of high temperature records, and as public policy only slowly begins to catch up with the temperature curve. The temperature (and especially the dewpoint) may wake the global frog before he becomes poached meat. Whatever the outcome of the public policy debate, the odds are extremely high that the weather of the year 2100 will be notably warmer than today, as greenhouse â€Å"forcing† exerts an ever-stronger role in the grand dance of the atmosphere which produces climate. Ross Gelbspan observes, â€Å"Global warming need not require a reduction of living standards, but it does demand a rapid shift in patterns of fuel consumption—reduced use of oil, coal, and the lighter-carboned natural gas to an economy more reliant on solar energy, fuel cells, hydrogen gas, wind, biomass, and other renewable energy sources. It is doubtful that capitalistic market forces will bring about this shift on their own, because market prices of fossil fuels do not incorporate their environmental costs. † (Gelbspan, 2004) George Woodwell has been quoted as saying, â€Å"[For] all practical purposes, the era of fossil fuels has passed, and it’s time to move on to the new era of renewable sources of energy. † The other alternative, says Woodwell, is to accept the fact that â€Å"[t]he Earth is not simply moving toward a new equilibrium in temperature†¦. It is entering a period of continuous, progressive, open-ended warming† (Gordon and Suzuki, 2001, 219). In Jeremy Leggett’s opinion, â€Å"The uniquely frustrating thing about global warming—to the many people who see its dangers—is that the solutions are obvious. There is no denying, however, that creating the necessary changes will require paradigm shifts in human behavior—particularly in the field of cooperation between nation-states—which have literally no precedent in human history†¦. There is no single issue in human affairs that is of greater importance. † (Leggett, 2000, 457) According to a Greenpeace Report edited by Leggett, â€Å"The main routes to surviving the greenhouse threat are energy efficiency, renewable forms of energy production†¦less greenhouse-gas-intensive agriculture, stopping deforestation, and reforestation† (Leggett, 2000, 462). Greenpeace also recommends redirecting spending away from armaments and toward development of a sustainable energy for the future of humankind (Leggett, 2000, 470). Of the broader picture, Michael MacCracken writes, â€Å"The underlying challenge is for industrialized society to achieve a balanced and sustainable coexistence with the environment, one that permits use of the environment as a resource, but in a way that preserves its vitality and richness for future generations†¦. The challenge [is] to transform our ways before the world is irrevocably changed†¦ toward displacing militarization and the ever-increasing push for greater national consumption as the primary driving forces behind industrial activity. † (MacCracken, 2001, 35) According to Donald Goldberg and Stephen Porter of the Center for International Global Law: â€Å"The Clinton administration has bungled repeated chances to initiate domestic measures. For example, recent legislation proposed by the White House to restructure the electric utility industry could have been crafted to require utilities to reduce their carbon-dioxide emissions. In fact, the Environmental Protection Agency lobbied hard for the authority to impose a cap-and-trade program on utilities’ CO2 emissions, similar to the trading system that has lowered sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in a cost-effective way. This was a golden opportunity, as the restructuring bill is projected to save the average consumer roughly $200 a year, which would have more than offset the cost of reducing GHG [greenhouse-gas] emissions. Unfortunately, the White House chose to forgo this opportunity. † (Goldberg and Porter, 1998) According to Goldberg and Porter, loopholes in the Kyoto Protocol, adopted at the insistence of the United States, permit richer countries to avoid many of its mandated emission reductions by purchasing allowances from other countries through the protocol’s â€Å"flexibility mechanisms. † The Buenos Aires Climate Conference (1998) negotiated a mechanism allowing trade in greenhouse gas emission rights in two markets. The first market would allow â€Å"sellers,† nations which exceed greenhouse gas-reduction targets set in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, to offer their rights for sale to â€Å"buyers,† countries which have not met their targets. The second market, the Clean Development Mechanism, will allow industrialized countries to meet part of their greenhouse-gas-reduction quotas by transferring clean technology to poorer countries so that antipollution projects can be carried out there. â€Å"If it buys all (or most) of its reductions,† Goldberg and Porter write, â€Å"the United States will not get its own house in order. In the long run, efficiency and productivity in the U. S. economy will suffer because domestic industry will be shielded from any incentive to adapt† (Goldberg and Porter, 1998). Under these provisions, the United States could â€Å"purchase† emission reduction credits from nations, such as Russia and Ukraine, which reduced their greenhouse-gas emissions during the 1990s because their economic infrastructure collapsed. The continuing political wrangling over the Kyoto Protocol illustrates why the world is responding so slowly to the impending crisis of global warming. Climate diplomacy remains an arena dominated by competition of special (mainly national) interests. Meanwhile, a few countries, most of them in Europe, are taking steps to mitigate greenhouse forcing on their own. While British emissions of greenhouse gases by the year 2000 had fallen between five and six percent compared to the Kyoto Protocol 1990 targets, emissions in the United States rose 11 percent between 1990 and 1998. Canada’s greenhouse-gas emissions rose 13 percent during the 1990s, while several European countries (including Britain) made substantial progress toward meeting the goals of the Kyoto Protocol by reducing their greenhouse-gas emissions as much as 10 percent compared to 1990 levels. Denmark (which produces less than one percent of humankind’s greenhouse gases) underwent something of a mobilization against global warming during the 1990s. Denmark was planning â€Å"farms† of skyscraper-sized windmills in the North and Baltic seas that, if plans materialize, will supply half the nation’s electric power within 30 years. The Danish wind-energy manufacturers’ association believes that electricity produced through wind power on a large scale will be financially competitive with power from plants burning fossil fuels, which will be phased out if wind power proves itself. Svend Auken, Denmark’s environmental and energy minister, said that with half of his country’s power coming from Norwegian hydroelectric plants and the other half from wind power, the country is planning to meet its electricity needs within three decades while reducing carbon dioxide production to nearly zero. The wind farms must prove their endurance in winter storms and stand up to the corrosion of seawater, but if they can, Denmark’s windmills will prevent the production of 14 million tons of carbon dioxide a year. While the fossil-fuel economy remained firmly entrenched in most of the world at the turn of the millennium, gains were being achieved in some basic areas of energy conservation. In 1994, for example, the average person in the United States was recycling 380 pounds a year, up from 62 pounds in 1960, a 613 percent increase (Casten, 1998, 101–102). Following the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1972, the United States also made a concerted effort to limit the production of nitrous oxides by gas turbine engines. Before regulation, the typical gas turbine engine emitted 200 parts per million (p. p. m. ). Since then, several technological innovations have reduced emissions to below 10 p. p. m.. Technology was being developed in the late 1990s which could reduce the rate to two to three p. p. m. (Casten, 1998, 117–118). The problem is at once very simple, and also astoundingly complex. Increasing human populations, rising affluence, and continued dependence on energy derived from fossil fuels are at the crux of the issue. The complexity of the problem is illustrated by the degree to which the daily lives of machine-age peoples depend on fossil fuels. This dependence gives rise to an array of local, regional, and national economic interests. These interests cause tensions between nations attending negotiations to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The cacophony of debate also illustrates the strength and diversity of established interests which are being assiduously protected. Add to the human elements of the problem the sheer randomness of climate (as well as the amount of time which passes before a given level of greenhouse gases is actually factored into climate), and the problem becomes complex and intractable enough to (thus far) seriously impede any serious, unified effort by humankind to fashion solutions. References Casten, Thomas R. (1998). Turning Off the Heat: Why America Must Double Energy Efficiency to Save Money and Reduce Global Warming. Amherst, N. Y. : Prometheus Books. Gelbspan, Ross. (2004). A Global Warming. American Prospect, 31 (March/April). Goldberg, Donald, and Stephen Porter. (1998). In Focus: Global Climate Change. Center for International Environmental Law, May. Gordon, Anita, and David Suzuki. (2001). It’s a Matter of Survival. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gore, Albert. (1992). Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Leggett, Jeremy, ed. (2000). Global Warming: The Greenpeace Report. New York: Oxford University Press. MacCracken, Michael. (1991). Greenhouse Gases: Changing the Global Climate. In Joseph P. Knox and Ann Foley Scheuring, eds. , Global Climate Change and California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 26–39. Weiner, Jonathan. (1990). The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth. New York: Bantam Books

A Description of Life in the Treches During WWll essays

A Description of Life in the Treches During WWll essays A Description of Life in the German Trenches during WWI In an age driven by technology, the face of war has changed so dramatically that wars can now be fought on digital battle fields from ships that volley missiles capable of devastating entire armies at distances measured in hundreds of miles. It is far cry from life experienced by soldiers in WWI whose only protection from the nearby enemy lines merely feet away were miles of cold and shallow trenches that zig zagged their way across Western Europe. Carl Zuckmayer, a writer and WWI veteran, describes his experiences in the trenches on the Western front of the war and the effect it had on his life and political views during post war years in his autobiography entitled, A Part of Myself. Born in 1896 and only seventeen at the outbreak of war in 1914, Zuckmayer was a gifted poet whose leftist political views had a major influence on his initial disapproval of the war. I will never kill anyone. I would rather go to prison (Zuckmayer 141) was his response when asked about whether or not he would join the army. However, upon returning home from his summer vacation, he was quickly swept up in the patriotic euphoria of the German people were. He writes I remember precisely what I was feeling...something was entering me-not like an infection, but rather like some form of radiation, like a completely novel, tingling current, as if I had put my hand on the grip of an electrified machine (142). This renewed sense of national pride was fueled by the mass belief that a war with France and Russia would be a quick and victorious one. As with the rest of the German people at that time, he would comes to find out in the following years that this is would not the case. However, it sparked enough of a fire inside him that in August of 1914, along with his schoolmates, he dismissed his leftist views and enlisted in the German Army. He states...

Collective Security Systems during and after the Cold War Essay

Collective Security Systems during and after the Cold War - Essay Example The theory of collective security intended to keep security and maintain peace through a sovereign international organization. In this assignment, I will discuss collective security during and after the old War. Since United Nations was a key organization in dealing with collective security, the organization will be emphasized in an attempt to discuss collective security. Discussion After the League of Nations became incapable of providing collective security to the states, it disintegrated; this led to the development of United Nations. According to the United Nations Charter, the United Nations was to provide peace and deal with security matters, but had to rely on the leadership of Russia and the United States since they were the two super powers. However, although the leadership of security and peace matters rested on the superpowers, the emergence of Cold War and its consequences, in terms of bloc politics, blocked the United Nations from performing its principal goal of providi ng collective security (Kupchan 1991, p. 123). In the hostile condition of the Cold War, the United Nations could not perform its role to implement the provisions of the Charter in most cases related to international peace and security. Although the Cold War barred the United Nations from performing its function satisfactorily, especially in security and peace matters, it successfully pursued its Charter goals in other areas like decolonization, which aided in achieving collective security. After the end of the Second World War, winners of the war saw the need of finding a World organization, which could deal with issues relating to maintenance of peace and security. On this bid, the United Nations became established with an aim of correcting the deficiencies of League of Nations. The principal intention of the superpowers while establishing the United Nations Charter entailed finding a remedy to chief weaknesses of the League of Nations; these included the absence of collective sec urity system for the upholding of international peace. During the Cold War period, the United Nations played a significant role in fighting for collective security among states. After the start of the Cold War in 1947 up to 1960, formation of a collective security was a massive failure. The chief reason for failure of having a collective security system during this period arose from tensions of the Cold War. The idea, which was put during the formation of the United Nations, provided that the two principal powers had to direct the Security Council in formulating the collective security system. However, there emerged mistrust between the two principal powers, which led to divided ideologies of providing a collective security. This division between the two superpowers became vast since the United States used the United Nations to contain Russia (Thakur 2006, p. 109). Under these circumstances, it was remarkably difficult for the United Nations to establish the proposed machinery for m aintaining international peace and security. Since West and East did not trust each other in undertaking military operations on behalf of the United Nations, the activities of the Security Council became limited to a capacity that it could not establish the collective security system. This became evident during the Korean War and the Suez Canal Crisis. During these two conflicts, the Superpowers were still divided and the UN was not capable of providing collective sec

Understanding Organisation Theory and Practice Essay

Understanding Organisation Theory and Practice - Essay Example This article stresses that contingency theory has been widely employed by companies such as those in the airline industry to streamline their operations and also respond to adversities that stem from the companies’ in internal and external environment. Globalisation and evolution of technology has consequently led to the exposure of organisations inclusive of the airline companies to environments that are volatile since the environment has been significantly expanded. The airline industry in comparison to other industries has been exposed to impacts of the business environment such as the economic, political, technological, and socio-cultural factors which has increased due to multi-national exposure. This paper makes a conclusion that Qantas and Virgin airlines have often applied the contingency theory with the aim of not only dealing with the implications of their internal and external environment but also to gain competitive advantage over other companies in the same industry. †¢ Due to the competitive nature of the airline industry in Australia and beyond the borders, the management of Qantas and Virgin should focus on other management approaches that can maximize their bottom line besides the contingency theory. Some of the management approaches that have proved significant in organisations are the system theory and chaos theory. The system theory will enable the management of the airlines to comprehend how the employees are affected by different systems and they also affect the system that surrounds them.